Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Pdf Summary

The American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) e-Learning Center's November 2022 publication dives into the evolving understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Initially referenced in an 1845 book by Heinrich Hoffman and later clinically described by Sir George F. Still in 1902, ADHD's defining symptoms—persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity—have remained consistent.<br /><br />The disorder's etiology is complex, influenced by genetic, environmental, and physiological factors. It is categorized into three types: hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and combined. Diagnosing ADHD involves comprehensive evaluations, following criteria set out by the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5, which specifies symptom requirements and the need to rule out other conditions.<br /><br />Challenges in diagnosis arise due to common comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and conduct disorders, necessitating a multi-faceted assessment approach. ADHD is not limited to children; about 35%-65% of individuals with childhood ADHD continue to experience symptoms into adulthood. Adult ADHD often presents differently, primarily with issues such as impulsiveness and difficulty focusing rather than hyperactivity.<br /><br />Treatment is diverse and personalized, comprising medication and non-medication therapies. Stimulants are commonly used due to their effectiveness, but non-stimulants and behavioral therapies are also crucial. Despite recommendations, behavioral treatments are underutilized, partly because they require more time and resources.<br /><br />Emerging treatments include video-game therapy, neurofeedback, mindfulness, and technology-based solutions that enhance care coordination. Exercise is also noted for its benefits in reducing core symptoms and improving executive functioning.<br /><br />ADHD's prevalence poses significant social and financial costs, affecting academic performance, increasing risky behaviors, and potentially impacting long-term health outcomes. A multimodal treatment approach encompassing medical, behavioral, educational, and psychological interventions is recommended to address individual needs comprehensively and improve overall well-being.

Asset Subtitle

Health Care Professionals, Patients, and Caretakers Need to Stay on Top of a Continually Evolving Canon of Knowledge

Keywords

ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

AAMA

diagnosis

treatment

comorbidities

stimulants

behavioral therapies

neurofeedback

executive functioning